The Origins of Excellence
Introduction
We are the Ku Klux Klan. We hate niggers, we hate Jews, we hate faggots, and we hate spics. We don’t have to have reason to hate them, just because they breathe we hate the filthy bums.
(Brummel, 1998)
In this book we will argue that racism is a social-psychological disorder with an extremely high mortality rate. Pathological as it may be, we will also argue that racism is curable. Curing racism depends on achieving two interdependent objectives: eradicating the myth that race is a real biological phenomenon, and banishing white supremacy to the dustbin of history. When we eliminate the anti-democratic myths which assert that Real Men are superior to Others, we will also eliminate the convenient self-delusions that perpetuate racist misanthropy.
Racism is a social-psychological malady that incubates in a specific form of ignorance: the erroneous belief that arbitrarily delineated groups, or races, are biologically distinct and hierarchical. Contrary to the irrational assumptions on which racism is based, science has demonstrated that all humans are biologically equal. To emphasize: there are no objective biological criteria which demonstrate the innate superiority or inferiority of any particular group of humans. Evolution does not create better or worse life forms, only well or ill-fitted. The sole criteria for biological success is survival. If you are alive, then, regardless of what hate-addled racists may say, you’ve got the right stuff.
Biologically-speaking, all humans are created equal. Not identical, but equal. Value judgments concerning the genetic merits of one human group and the demerits of others are purely a product of irrational prejudice. We will demonstrate that the presumptive biological justifications for racist antipathies are naught but remediable misanthropic delusions.
A Very Intriguing Question
In an email exchange that he initiated on May 29, 2012, Prof. Earl Smith posed a deceptively simple question: What is excellence? At issue was whether or not there was a scientific means to distinguish between outstanding vs. legendary athletes. Legendary athletes are those whose talents seem to soar a cut above mere mortals, such as Jim Thorpe, Pele, Wayne Gretzky, Michael Jordan, Venus and Serena Williams, Tiger Woods, etc. In other words, Prof. Smith wondered if excellence was a definable human property, and, if so, what specific characteristics distinguished good from great athletes. This monograph represents our attempt to answer to Prof. Smith’s very intriguing question: What is excellence?
It is not possible to analyze the good without giving some thought to the bad. Perceptions are highly subjective and socio-cultural biases cannot help but intrude upon assessments of human merit. Too often, humans esteem those who personify their favorite flavor of ethnocentrism and execrate those that differ. 19th and 20th century eugenicists sought rational justifications for irrational hatreds. Whenever racists have sold others on their criteria to rank human merit, they have often employed those criteria to inflict atrocious violence. Hitler provides but one example of this brand of genocidal mania. Most modern democracies are founded upon atrocities of equal or greater magnitude (Moses, 2005; Goldhagen, 1996).
So, there is a danger in specifying the parameters of excellence. We do not want to supply the next in a long tradition of hate-based justifications for genocide. The logical errors that racists usually make are to assert that (1) real biological differences exist between distinguishable human groups, and (2) those differences are hierarchical. Worse, racists often insist that they must purge humanity of genetic inferiors in order to enhance the purity of the human race (Rattansi, 2007). Balderdash!
Our analysis takes a fundamentally different approach. Whereas racists look upon human diversity and see naught but repugnant difference, we embrace the biological reality that all humans are genetically equal (Shipman, 1994). Not identical, but equal. That is what it means to be members of a species. There is one human genome and all humans share it (Ridley, 2010a). Racists may find this difficult to stomach, but that is the bedrock biological reality from which this discussion will proceed.
Because humans are all genetically equal it would be nonsensical to argue that excellence derives from genetic differences between people. We will argue that every human on the planet has the potential to achieve some form of excellence. What distinguishes the greatest achievers from their competitors is the extent to which individuals cultivate their agency. We define agency as the capacity to creatively transcend the status quo. Those who perform the greatest feats of excellence are those who activate their agency to the fullest.
The degree to which history is kinder to one agent than another is also influenced by six “sociological success factors.” We will leave it to others to debate whether or not history has been sufficiently charitable to their heroes. Our point is that humans are vastly more united in commonality than they are distinguished by difference. The most important differences between people boil down to ingenuity, attitude, effort, the vicissitudes of history, and dumb luck.
The final point that we wish to reiterate is that racism is a social-psychological disorder with an appalling mortality rate (Berg and Wendt, 2011). The good news is that racism is a curable malady and we hope that the following discussion will help remedy this dreadful social disease before it destroys too many more innocent lives.
Aesthete Apes
What is excellence? For reasons that scientists do not yet fully understand Homo sapiens evolved a pronounced aesthetic sensibility (Schellekens and Goldie, 2011). Not only has Homo sapiens developed more sophisticated technologies than any other species, but Homo sapiens has also cultivated the most elaborate artistic tastes (Diamond, 1992, 2012). Mere survival has never been enough for Homo sapiens. Humans have also hungered for aesthetic satisfaction: beauty, self-expression, art, love, invention, Progress, etc. Other species are content with the mundane and mediocre. Cows do not complain about eating grass, nor do they dress their salads to be as pleasing to the eye as they are to the palate.
Discontent with the status quo is a uniquely human phenomenon. Among all living species chimpanzees share the highest percentage of genes with humans (Gibbons, 2012). While chimpanzees exhibit an impressive capacity for tool use (Lonsdorf, et al., 2010), they remain content to manipulate found objects. One of the most important distinctions between chimps and humans is that humans have never been content with anything. Homo sapiens has always been intent upon improving everything: cooking tastier food, building more commodious housing, making better fitting clothing, accumulating more and better information, improving means of transportation, seeking a better quality of life, etc. In sum, Homo sapiens is unwilling to accept the world as it is. Humans are imbued with an insatiable passion to change the world and themselves for the better.
Aesthetic discontent is the motivation that impels mountaineers to climb previously unconquered peaks because “they are there” (Green, 2005) and it is the sensibility that drives Olympic athletes to excel in sporting competitions where there is little potential for monetary payoff, such as trampolining, competitive walking, archery and synchronized swimming. The pursuit of aesthetic excellence is also what drives scientists to seek maddeningly elusive truths, such as “elegant” physical theories, and it is also what motivates artists to produce masterpieces.
Why are humans plagued with endless aesthetic discontent? Thanks to Darwin (1859) the most straightforward answer to any question concerning life on earth is “evolutionary adaptation.” Humans are discontented aesthetes because, at least so far, it has been evolutionarily advantageous for humans to be agents of change (McGettigan, 2013). Most creatures survive by randomly evolving biological traits that either enhance or compromise their fitness within a given environment; thus, environmental constraints determine the fate of non-agents. Humans, however, have reversed that relationship by drawing upon a special form of cognitive agility, or what we define as agency, to tweak the environment to accommodate their whims (McGettigan, 2011). For example, instead of being at the mercy of the world’s harshest deserts, agents transform those deserts into 24/7 carnivals like Dubai and Las Vegas.
The Right Stuff
History is a celebration of remarkable human achievements. The vast majority of humans fly beneath the radar of historical record keeping. It is only a rare few who distinguish themselves sufficiently to become more than historical footnotes. So, what is it that separates the few from the many? Is it mere chance, the fickle winds of fate, or are history’s outstanding achievers truly special? Do history-makers have more of “the right stuff” than their contemporaries? And, if so, what is the right stuff?
We will argue that, contrary to widespread opinion, humans are all made of the same stuff. From the smallest to the tallest, the strongest to the weakest, and the smartest to the most uncultivated, humans are all, biologically-speaking, cookie-cutter copies of each other. Thus, what distinguishes average achievers from legends is not genetics but agentic inspiration (Carli, L, and Eagly, A. H. 1999). The most exceptional achievers are those who activate their agency sufficiently to accomplish boundary-breaking feats of innovation.
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