A Formula for Eradicating Racism
Preface
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal...
(Declaration of Independence, 1776)
Q: How do you murder a million people?
A: Convince yourself that they aren’t really people.
Democracy is supposed to be a form of government that treats all humans as equals. But does democracy actually do that? When we say all men are created equal, what do we really mean? Do we truly believe that everyone is equal, or do we secretly believe that a select group of Real Men are superior to all Others? From the outset, US democracy has given lip service to the former, but has unabashedly practiced the latter. How can a democracy confer first class citizenship on a privileged few while withholding Constitutionally-guaranteed rights from the majority of Others?
The trick lies in how one defines the word, men.
It’s not surprising that the notion of racial superiority emerged in the 19th century, after European nations had established colonies in much of the world and sought a theoretical justification of their dominion over others (Wade, 2014, p. 18).
In the 21st century, we assume that the phrase, “…all men are created equal,” is just a rustic way of saying everyone is equal. But that isn't true. Back in the day, “all men” referred a very thin slice of humanity. Instead of promoting equality, the 18th century definition of men established a pernicious environment of white supremacy for the USA’s founding patriarchs. To begin with, men meant men. America’s founding patriarchs treated women like pieces of property that men were entitled to transfer at a whim from fathers to husbands. It would take 150 years of ferocious political struggle for women to claim their due as full-fledged US citizens. In the early days of US democracy, “all men” were members of an exclusive club.
Another way of limiting access to democracy was to define men as light-skinned descendants of Europeans. Democracy in the United States has always been a bastion of white supremacy. Where people of color are mentioned in the US Constitution they are singled out for disdain. Native American savages and African slaves did not qualify as Real Men and, therefore, did not merit the privileges of US citizenship. Indeed, in 1857 the state of Oregon went so far as to constitutionally ban people of color from residing in its territory.
No free negro, or mulatto, not residing in this State at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall come, reside, or be within this State, or hold any real estate, or make any contracts, or maintain any suit therein; and the Legislative Assembly shall provide by penal laws, for the removal, by public officers, of all such negroes, and mulattoes, and for their effectual exclusion from the State, and for the punishment of persons who shall bring them into the state, or employ, or harbor them (Novak, 2015).
It took until 2002 for Oregonians to remove the disgraceful racism from their state Constitution (Moreland, 2013), yet even at that late date a staggering 29% of Oregonians voted to retain Oregon’s overtly racist ban on people of color.
It hardly needs to be stated, but America’s white supremacism has routinely made life a living hell for members of any ethnic group that deviates from the Real Man archetype: white, masculine, aggressive, stoic, prosperous, English-speaking, educated, heterosexual, Protestant, etc. It takes little more than a glance at the USA’s historical immigration policies to confirm that, from its inception, the USA has aggressively pursued a white supremacist agenda. Just one year after the US Constitution came into effect, the US adopted the Naturalization Act of 1790, which specified that only “free whites” could aspire to US citizenship.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, That any Alien being a free white person, who shall have resided within the limits and under the jurisdiction of the United States for the term of two years, may be admitted to become a citizen (LeMay and Barkan, 1999, p. 11, emphasis added).
Many subsequent immigration policies have been explicitly designed to obstruct access to US citizenship for people of color (Fitzgerald and Cook-Martin, 2014), while simultaneously cultivating the myth that light-skinned Europeans are the USA’s true natives (Montserrat, 2007, p. 155).
The American Colonization Society (Kanstroom, 2007) was a 19th century initiative that furthered the cause of white nativism by encouraging African Americans to “self deport” to destinations such as Liberia, the Caribbean, Central America or anywhere else that white racists would no longer need to clap eyes on them. Far from operating on the fringes of the USA’s political establishment, the American Colonization Society boasted some of the 19th century’s most influential political luminaries including:
Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Marshall, Andrew Jackson, Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, Francis Scott Key and, believe it nor not, Abraham Lincoln.
Should anyone doubt that Abraham Lincoln would stoop to anything as indecorous as membership in the American Colonization Society, here’s a quote from the Great Emancipator in which he sounds more like a KKK spokesman than a beacon of 19th century ethnic enlightenment:
You and we are different races [Lincoln is addressing a “Deputation of Negroes” on August 14, 1862]. We have between us a broader difference than exists between almost any other two races. Whether it is right or wrong I need not discuss, but this physical difference is a great disadvantage to us both, as I think your race suffer very greatly, many of them by living among us, while ours suffer from your presence. In a word we suffer on each side. If this is admitted, it affords a reason at least why we should be separated (Gates, Jr., 2015).
Of course, American-style racism has never been limited to white hatred of African Americans. Almost uniformly, white nativists have treated Native Americans and Hispanics, the vast majority of whom have ancestral roots that long predate Columbus, as unwelcome aliens in their own homeland. Also, in spite of earning the backhanded compliment of “model minority,” Asians have faced unremitting hostility from the USA’s pervasive climate of white supremacism. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and WWII internment of Japanese Americans provide only two examples of the appalling injustices that Asians have experienced as unwelcome Others in a white supremacist society.
In America’s early days, white supremacists were at liberty to dispose of sub-human Others in any way they saw fit. Enslaving, torturing, and murdering Others did not qualify as crimes because democracy promoted the rights of Real Men, not sub-human Others. Instead of being a crime, Real Men treated exterminating Others as a virtue—like killing rats, mice, and other vermin. Democracy heaped privilege on White Men and inflicted horror upon Others.
Racism can be understood as a form of sadistic self-deception that equips the powerful with a convenient justification to terrorize the powerless. Racial dominance hierarchies are usually predicated on two scientifically invalid assumptions:
The members of different racial groups are biologically distinct.
Deviation from dominant racial norms (i.e. whiteness), no matter how trivial, implies inferiority.
We will demonstrate that, persistent as they may be, both of the above assumptions are false. Though science has resoundingly debunked each of the above assumptions, many people still cling to the unscientific myths that perpetuate racism. Why?
In this discussion, we will demonstrate that it takes little more than a suggestion from respected authority figures to relegate enormous numbers of people into the category of “despised Others.” Even Americans who take special pride in their individuality have repeatedly demonstrated an alarming capacity to submit mindlessly to the voice of authority. If a figure of authority asserts that right-minded citizens should perceive an identifiable ethnic group as despised Others—take, for example, the USA’s condemnations of Native Americans and wartime internment of Japanese Americans—those right-minded citizens will often march in lockstep with the voice of authority. Racism is, therefore, a consequence of constructing false, but authoritative beliefs that Others, who, according to a popular political philosophy are all created equal, are nonetheless biologically inferior. That is what makes racism an exercise in sadistic self-deception: Real Men treat Others, who are demonstrably equal in all important respects, as reprehensible sub-humans.
…Galton tried to prove a couple of things. First, that the notion of ‘race’ is real, and second, that there is such a thing as racial differences. Or, more precisely, that there is a hierarchy among ‘races’. Residents of ancient Greece had, Galton claimed, a higher intellectual standard than ‘Anglo-Saxons’. This reprehensible way of evaluating individuals and groups of individuals was not limited to intellectual abilities via IQ tests, but also included inter alia character, personality, gregariousness, longevity, craving for drink and gambling, and proclivity to pauperism and crimes of violence (Sussman, 2014, p.50).
Once Real Men establish self-serving beliefs that dehumanize Others, such as, by impeding access to full-fledged democratic citizenship, Real Men often succumb to their own racialized delusions and cultivate a sense of sadistic revulsion for Others. The sad case of Ota Benga (Newkirk, 2015), an African man whom the Brooklyn Zoo put on display in its primate house on September 9, 1906, provides a shining example of the type of dehumanization to which people of color are routinely subjected in the USA. Also, as Philip Zimbardo (2007) discovered in his infamous prison experiment, even simulated dominance hierarchies can inspire frightful forms of sadism between the powerful and those they perceive as their inferiors. Power corrupts.
In the eyes of Real Men, Others are not merely different, they are nauseatingly inferior. Even worse, Others pose a threat of polluting Real Men with their abominable inferiority. If one operates on the false assumption that Others are sub-human, then, somewhat counter-intuitively, the more similar that Others appear, the more loathsome they become to Real Men, “…just because they breathe we hate the filthy bums” (Brummel, 1998). On many occasions, Real Men have resorted to horrific violence in order to purge the corrupting influences of Others from the social spaces and opportunities that Real Men covet. Perhaps the most grandiose illustration of such turpitude-in-action was the USA’s westward expansion and systematic extermination of Native Americans under the banner of Manifest Destiny.
Hypocritical exercises in racialized double-think—Others may be created equal, but we all know (wink, wink) that they are revoltingly inferior—make it possible for Real Men to abuse Others without the inconvenience of being charged with crimes. Take, for example, the endless parade of white police officers who have murdered people of color and who have subsequently been absolved of all wrongdoing (Carrié, 2015). Because their appearance “deviates” from the white supremacist ideal, racists often treat people of color as incorrigible criminals. People of color are vastly over-represented in the USA’s criminal justice system (Alexander, 2013) because, simply by appearing in public, people of color commit a grave offense against white racist sensibilities (Griffin, 1961). Having unwisely invoked the ire of white racists, people of color, regardless of how scrupulously law-abiding they may be, are much more likely to attract unwarranted suspicion for criminal misdeeds. For example, in 1999 four New York police officers obliterated Amadou Diallo in a hail of 41 bullets for the capital crime of being black in public (Roy, 2009). All four officers were subsequently exonerated of all wrongdoing. In this case, as in countless others, white racists have enjoyed unqualified vindication for ridding the streets of undesirable menaces to white hegemony.
Some might object to the idea that racial differentiation boils down to little more than a sadistic celebration of white supremacy. However, most of the worst crimes in history have been committed by white guys who are in a frenzy to purloin the Others’ valuables. Examples include: European colonialism, the genocidal consequences of the Terra Nullius designation in Australia (Lindqvist, 2007) and the barbarity that precipitated from the Three-Fifths Compromise in the USA (Hattery, and Smith 2008):
Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. (Article 1, Section 2, Paragraph 3 of the United States Constitution, emphasis added).
History often treats the Three-Fifths Compromise as an inspired feat of political wizardry. Against long odds, the Three-Fifths Compromise enabled America’s founding fathers to forge a lasting union out of a disordered collectivity of self-interested states. In a more objective light, by justifying slavery for millions of Africans, while also paving the way for continent-wide annihilation of “Indians not taxed,” the Three-Fifths Compromise transformed an otherwise democratic political constitution into an unrepentant declaration of white supremacy.
Democracy + 3/5 Compromise = White supremacy
The words and meanings that we build into our legal foundations have undeniable consequences. With a simple turn of phrase we can either privilege or decimate entire peoples. By officially fractionating the value of Africans and designating Indians as political non-entities the US Constitution declared unconditional war against people of color. Via a protracted campaign of genocidal butchery white supremacists ultimately secured uncontested possession of the lower 48 states. It is going to take a lot of effort to remove such an enormous legacy of white supremacist abuse. To be fair, the US has taken a few steps to correct historical injustices, but there is much more to accomplish. As long as the US Constitution contains language that explicitly celebrates skin pigment racism, white supremacy and the horrific violence that it instigates will continue to thrive in the United States.
Why should this matter to citizens of the 21st century? Here's a quote from the outspoken musician, Ted Nugent, after a Native American-owned casino canceled one of his performances:
I take it as a badge of honor that such unclean vermin are upset by me and my positive energy...By all indicators, I don't think they actually qualify as people, but there has always been a lunatic fringe of hateful, rotten, dishonest people that hate happy, successful people (ICTMN Staff, 2014, emphasis added)
Nugent uttered the quote on July 24, 2014, but the white supremacist sentiments that he articulates come straight out of the Indian Wars. Old prejudices die hard. If you think that, thanks to Barack Obama's post-millennial presidency the US has become a post-racial society, you need to think again.
Debate continues to rage about the veracity of human races. More than a few concur with Ted Nugent’s conviction that humanity is bifurcated into hierarchical sub-groups: Real Men vs. Vermin. History has demonstrated that, whenever people have concocted ranking systems for human sub-groups, the outcome has produced augmented privilege for Real Men and disaster for Others. So long as The Few can gain at the expense of The Many race will remain a sadistic means to an unpleasant end.
In this book, we will argue that all humans are biologically equal. Not identical, but equal. The racial sub-groups that humans have invented are not based on real biological distinctions; they are social constructions that are woven out of malice, calculated self-deception and archaic superstition. Europeans concocted the modern notion of race in the same climate of superstition that gave rise to beliefs in witches, werewolves, and vampires. The periodic outbursts of hysteria that have promulgated mass witch hunts are very similar to the irrational hatreds that fuel racism and genocide.
Though racism may seem endemic to human society, we will argue that racism is as curable as the sporadic insanity that incites witch hunts: humans construct the convenient lies that inflame racist antipathies and humans can also discredit those lies. When people permit authoritative lies to cloud their thinking they are capable of hideous injustices. During WWII, the majority of Germans succumbed to Hitler's anti-Jew hysteria. Before they returned to their senses, the obsessively law-abiding Germans had murdered six million people. Racist myths can transform angels into demons. Fortunately, the mania that inspires witch hunts is a curable form of temporary insanity. So is racism (Goldhagen, 1996).
White supremacy - 3/5 Compromise = Democracy
The key to curing racism is to destroy the anti-democratic lies that distinguish Real Men from Others. When nations declare war, they enact policies that officially reclassify their enemies as sub-human Others. Othering enemies creates a climate in which morally-upstanding people will, at the urging of respected authorities, unabashedly commit atrocities against enemy-Others, such as bombing cities full of civilians into oblivion. So long as the officially-sanctioned wartime delirium remains in place, otherwise fair-minded people—who have guzzled the Kool-Aid that their calculating leaders have concocted—will think nothing of murdering Others. Bizarrely, conscientious objectors who refuse to be duped by convenient wartime reclassifications of enemy-Others are often reviled as gutless criminals.
When wars end, nations declare peace and officially rescind the policies that conveniently Othered their wartime enemies. After D-Day heroes murdered Germans. After VE Day only murderers murdered Germans. This is but one example of the kind of remediable delirium that underlies racism. Nations construct racism by officially othering the sub-groups that they wish to terrorize, and nations also have the power to destroy racism by officially ceasing hostilities against enemy-Others.
In the USA, the Three-Fifths Compromise officially othered people of color and institutionalized a hateful environment of white supremacy. Even though Abe Lincoln may have emancipated America’s slaves in 1863, Lincoln was anything but an enlightened thinker when it came to ethnic justice:
I will say then that I am not, nor ever have been in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races [applause]--that I am not nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of Negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people, and I will say in addition to this that there is physical difference between the white and black races which I believe will for ever forbid the two races living together on terms of social and political equality (Digital History, 2014).
Nor was The Great Emancipator above making disgraceful racist jokes if doing so tickled the funny bones of his racist supporters.
I do not understand that because I do not want a Negro woman for a slave, I must necessarily want her for a wife. [Cheers and laughter]....I have never had the least apprehension that I or my friends would marry Negroes if there was no law to keep them from it, (laughter) but as Judge Douglas and his friends seem to be in apprehension that they might, if there were no law to keep them from it, (roars of laughter) I give him the most solemn pledge that I will, to the very last, stand by the law of this state, which forbids the marrying of white people with Negroes. (Continued laughter and applause) (Digital History, 2014).
Lincoln’s admirers will no doubt protest that it is unfair to judge Lincoln’s 19th century racism in the light of 21st century ethical standards. Perhaps so, but it is difficult to view Lincoln’s unvarnished racism as the convictions of a social reformer who is committed to ethnic justice.
For Lincoln, freeing America’s slaves was nothing more than a ploy to bedevil southern rebels. If freeing the slaves created logistical difficulties for the Confederacy, then Lincoln was only too happy to poke his southern enemies in the eye. However, when it came to issues of Real Men versus Others, Lincoln unreservedly embraced the founding patriarchs’ white supremacism. It is hardly surprising that a century of Jim Crow (Woodward, 1974) ensued after the Emancipation Proclamation became law. With friends like Abe Lincoln, people of color did not need enemies.
The 13th Amendment may have abolished slavery more than 150 years ago, but the Three-Fifths Compromise remains an integral component of the US Constitution. Those words continue to wield an unpleasant power over the American psyche, and not only among racists like Ted Nugent. Why else would lawmakers refuse to recite Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3 when they read the entire text of the Constitution from the House floor in 2011 (Fahrenthold, 2011)? The white supremacist thinking that inspired the Three-Fifths Compromise will continue to undermine life and liberty for despised Others in the USA as long as the Three-Fifths Compromise remains an integral part of the US Constitution. If we want to end racism in the USA, then the USA will have to officially cease hostilities against people of color just as it officially ceased hostilities against the Germans and Japanese at the conclusion of WWII.
Impossible as it may seem, when sufficient public pressure is brought to bear, even the most racist regimes can destroy the convenient lies that Real Men use to terrorize Others. For example, when the world called Germans to account for the Holocaust, German anti-Semitism dramatically changed (Schroeder, 2013). Similarly, a global tsunami of outrage helped bring about the end of apartheid in South Africa (Waldmeir, 1997). By contrast, racism thrives in the USA because the white supremacy inspired by the Three-Fifths Compromise still holds sway over the hearts and minds of Americans. The USA still treats people of color as enemy-Others because that’s what the US Constitution says they are.
The way to cure racism—and this is true not only in the USA, but everywhere in the world—is to formally terminate hostilities against despised enemy-Others. Formally rescinding hostilities involves publicly countermanding any policy, statement, hint or intimation that people who have been classified as enemy-Others are anything but 100% bona fide Real Men.
It is our contention that many of the sadistic pathologies that are associated with racism emanate from suggestion-induced status inequities that Real Men implement to exploit Others. We will cite classic studies, including John H. Griffin’s Black Like Me (1961) experiences, Stanley Milgram’s (2004) Obedience experiment, Jane Elliot’s “blue eye - brown eye” classroom exercise (Peters, 1987), and Philip Zimbardo’s prison experiment (Zimbardo, 2007) to illustrate that racist antipathies are an emergent property of suggestion-induced inequalities. Because we tell ourselves that Real Men are better than Others we perpetuate environments in which we idolize Real Men and vilify Others.
Racism incubates in any context wherein the more powerful members of a society assert that Real Men are innately superior to Others. As Milgram, Griffin, Elliot, and Zimbardo each separately discovered, even in simulated environments suggestion-induced inequities tend to inspire alarming expressions of sadism; the powerful revel in their ability to treat perceived inferiors like garbage. Not only are such tendencies anathema to democracy, wherein all men are presumably created equal, but they are also highly unscientific. Modern science supports the contention that all humans are created equal: humans are all conceived via the union of sperm and eggs and are all composed of the same biological stuff. The argument that Others are inferior to Real Men is a tenacious vestige of pre-scientific superstition. Just as scientists have an obligation to debunk groundless beliefs in witches, warlocks and goblins, scientists have a similar obligation to debunk racist hate-mongering.
Twenty-first century scientists would not stand idly by if the residents of Salem, Massachusetts announced plans to persecute witches. Modern science has laid such medieval absurdity to rest. We now realize that “the problem” is not the people who stand accused of being semi-human monsters. Rather, “the problem” is the delusional people who want to punish Others for imagined offenses. A society that fails to protect those falsely accused of groundless wrongdoing cannot call itself a democracy. (See Smith and Hattery on Wrongful Convictions 2010a)
Though the modern concept of race was born in the same intellectual cesspool as superstitious beliefs in witches, werewolves, and vampires, science has not been as proactive in vanquishing race-inspired irrationality. In part, this is because, in both the past and present, charlatans have appropriated the trappings of science to create a smokescreen for eugenics. The American Sociological Association has acknowledged the irretrievably destructive effects of racial classifications. But because people have become habituated to racist ignorance the ASA has concluded that it too should honor that reprehensible habituation:
The question of whether to collect statistics that allow the comparison of differences among racial and ethnic groups in the census, public surveys, and administrative databases is not an abstract one.
“Race” shapes the way that some people relate to each other, based on their belief that it reflects physical, intellectual, moral, or spiritual superiority or inferiority. However, biological research now suggests that the substantial overlap among any and all biological categories of race undermines the utility of the concept for scientific work in this field.
How, then, can it be the subject of valid scientific investigation at the social level? The answer is that social and economic life is organized, in part, around race as a social construct. When a concept is central to societal organization, examining how, when, and why people in that society use the concept is vital to understanding the organization and consequences of social relationships (American Sociological Association, 2003, emphasis added).
If biologists have concluded that race is a scientifically invalid concept, doesn’t it follow that further use of the concept would be patently unscientific? As the above quote reveals, the ASA commits the same crucial error as their colleagues at the US Census: they argue that they only way to study race and ethnicity, is to continue studying race. But that is false. The ASA does not seem to appreciate the all-important differences between race and ethnicity.
Also, the ASA freely admits that race is a scientifically invalid concept because it purports to correspond with non-existent biological facts. Even if the ASA is untroubled by the endless atrocities that have been carried out in the name of race, the ASA should repudiate the concept of race simply because it is a scientifically misleading. Truth-seekers should not advocate thinking that obfuscates rather than clarifies the truth.
Ethnicity, on the other hand, is an eminently scientific concept. Ethnicity differs from race in that it refers to real, socially-significant phenomena—such as, cuisine, clothing, culture, technology, norms, values, beliefs, religion, language, etc.—that scientists can employ to study real empirical distinctions between clearly-definable groups. Scientists could easily rectify many grievous errors in theory and method by terminating their habitual misuse of race and replacing that execrable concept with ethnicity.
The ASA claims that it wishes to alter the status quo by perpetuating its misuse of race. But that’s like curing smallpox by supplying Native Americans with smallpox-ridden blankets: it is a solution that encourages a known pathogen to do its worst. We believe there are other, better solutions.
In the pages that follow, we will propose a new “agentic” means of evaluating human merit. We will argue that the long history of correlating human merit with biological traits has never produced much besides pseudo-scientific rationales for racism and genocide. Our agentic definition of human merit is based upon the truism that all humans are biologically equal. Not identical, but equal. We acknowledge that biology is important, but, because humans are agents, biology is not deterministic. For humans, biology is just a starting point. It is what agents choose to do with the biological cards that they have been dealt, whether advantageous or disadvantageous, that is the truest measure of human merit.
Finally, it is our hope that the enlightened peoples of the world will treat this discussion as a departure point. Race is an ill-conceived concept that does little more than perpetuate ignorance and injury. We would all be well advised to treat race as the intellectual garbage that it is and dispose of it once and for all.
The following is a list of three steps that, starting now, everyone can and should employ to eradicate the myth of race:
Quit Shilly-Shallying: Beginning now, responsible people should follow the American Anthropological Association’s example and repudiate the concept of race. (Please see Appendix 2 for the complete text of the AAA’s Statement on Race).
Replace race with ethnicity.
Too many people use the terms race and ethnicity interchangeably. They are not interchangeable concepts.
Ethnicity is a scientifically-valid empirical phenomenon.
Race is a destructive myth.
The US must delete the Three-Fifths Compromise from its Constitution and officially terminate all remaining white supremacist hostilities against people of color.
We will provide additional background on these calls to action in the pages that follow.
Scientists can and should take the lead in eradicating the anti-democratic myths that have nurtured white supremacy, but everyone is welcome to join this worthwhile cause. If we want to live in a world where the phrase, “all men are created equal,” is more than a disingenuous platitude, then we need to annihilate racism the same way that we have terminated every other ignorance-engendering superstition.
The bogeyman is dead. Long live science, truth, and democracy.
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